Model: | MOS 55-38-9 |
Brand: | MOSINTER |
CAS: | 55-38-9 |
Molecular Formula: | C10H15O3PS2 |
BP: | 87°C (0.01 mmHg) |
Molecular Weight: | 278.33 |
FP: | >100 °C |
MP: | 7.5°C |
storage temp.: | 2-8°C |
Water Solubility: | 0.0055 g/100 mL |
Appearance: | brown liquid |
Fenthion (CAS: 55-38-9)
Item | Index |
Appearance | brown liquid |
Assay | ≥90.00% |
Acid value | ≤0.3% |
Water content | ≤0.3% |
Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide. Like most
other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to
its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as
moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and World
Health Organization toxicity class
Fenthion is a contact and stomach insecticide used against many sucking, biting pests.
It is particularly effective against fruit flies, leaf hoppers, cereal bugs, stem borers,
mosquitoes, animal parasites, mites, aphids, codling moths, and weaver birds. It has
been widely used in sugar cane, rice, field corn, beets, pome and stone fruit, citrus
fruits, pistachio, cotton, olives, coffee, cocoa, vegetables, and vines.
Based on its high toxicity on birds, fenthion has been used to control weaver birds and
other pest-birds in many parts of the world. Fenthion is also used in cattle, swine, and
dogs to control lice, fleas, ticks, flies, and other external parasites.
Amid concerns of harmful effects on environment, especially birds, Food and Drug
Administration no longer approves uses of fenthion. However, fenthion has been extensively
used in Florida to control adult mosquitoes. After preliminary risk assessments on human health
and environment in 1998 and its revision in 1999, USEPA issued an Interim Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (IRED) for fenthion in January 2001. The EPA has classified fenthion
asRestricted Use Pesticide (RUP), and warrants special handling because of its toxicity.
Some common trade names for fenthion are Avigel, Avigrease, Entex, Baytex, Baycid, Dalf,
DMPT, Mercaptophos, Prentox, Fenthion 4E, Queletox, and Lebaycid. Fenthion is available
in dust, emulsifiable concentrate, granular, liquid concentrate, spray concentrate, ULV, and
wettable powder formulations.
Fenthion can be synthesized by condensation of 4-methylmercapto-m-cresol and
dimethylphosphorochloridothionate.
Fenthion exposure to general population is quite limited based on its bioavailability.
Common form of fenthion exposure is occupation related, and occurs through dermal
contact or inhalation of dust and sprays. Another likely means of contamination is through
ingestion of food, especially, if it has been applied quite recently with fenthion. So far,
ingestion is the most likely severe poisoning case on humans and animals. To avoid this,
crops applied with fenthion should be allowed enough degradation time before harvesting.
Normally, 2 – 4 weeks time is enough depending upon the type of crop.
Fenthion poisoning is consistent with symptoms of other organophosphate effects on
human health. Primarily, the effect is cholinesterase inhibition.
Acute poisoning of fenthion results in miosis (pinpoint pupils), headache, nausea/vomiting,
dizziness, muscle weakness, drowsiness, lethargy, agitation, or anxiety. If the poisoning is
moderate or severe, it results in chest tightness, breathing difficulty, hypertension, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, heavy salivation, profuse sweating, or fasciculation. In extremely severe cases,
such as suicide attempts, the victim may experience coma, respiratory arrest, seizures, loss
of reflexes, and flaccid paralysis.
Chronic effect of fenthion has not been reported.
Despite short half-life in the environment, fenthion toxicity is highly significant to birds
and estuarine/marine invertebrates. Even though some parts of the world use fenthion to
control pest birds, such as weaver bird, many non-targeted wild birds are victim of fenthion
poisoning. Acute symptoms of fenthion poisoning in birds include tearing of the eyes, foamy
salivation, lack of movement, tremors, congestion of the windpipe, lack of coordination in walking,
and an abnormally rapid rate of breathing or difficult breathing. Fenthion has been found toxic to
fishes and other aquatic invertebrates. Bees are also found to be greatly affected by fenthion contamination.
Photodegradation and biodegradation are common mechanisms of fenthion degradation in the
environment. In the atmosphere, vapor phase fenthion reacts rapidly with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals, and its half-life is about 5 hours. In soil and water, photodegradation is again
predominant mechanism if there is enough presence of sunlight. Under normal aquatic environment,
half-life of fenthion in water is 2.9 to 21.1 days. It may be photodynamically, chemically or biologically
degraded. The degradation mechanisms can be hydrolysis, oxidation, and/or alkylation-dealkylation, which
are dependent on the presence of light, temperature, alkali, or enzymatic activity.
In soil, fenthion degradation ranges from 4 to 6 weeks and it occurs through photodegradation as well as
anaerobic or non-photolytic organisms. However, soil particles strongly adsorb fenthion that makes it
less susceptible to percolate with water through the soil.
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